Sexual Impotence
  The Jackson scale of dominance, which measures the frequency of attempts that an individual makes to control its environment and influence others and the Center for Epidemiological Studies' scale of depression showed a strong correlation between depression and impotence. The age-adjusted probability of either moderate or complete impotence was nearly 90% in cases that had the maximum degree of depression in comparison with a probability of 59% and 25% respectively in cases with a moderate or low degree of depression (1).
Smokers also have a significantly higher probability of depression compared with non-smokers. These observations suggest that nicotine may have anti-depressive effects (2).
- Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts male aging study.
The Journal of Urology 1994; 151:54-61
- Cigarette smoking: Implications for Psychiatric Illness.
The American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150:546-553
 A greater percentage of male smokers are impotent compared with non-smokers.
- Cigarette smoking: an independent risk factor for impotence?
American Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 140(11):1003-8
 In an experimental study, 6 dogs had the nicotine in their blood radically increased through the inhalation of 2 or 3 cigarettes; five of the six were unable to achieve complete erection. In those 5 dogs, it was shown that there was a reduction in the blood flow in the internal pudendal artery. The experiment was repeated by injecting nicotine intravenously. The same vascular phenomenon was observed and no erection was attained. These observations suggest that smoking can contribute to male impotence.
- Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.
Journal of Urology 1994; 151(1):54-61
 Sexual impotence can be minimal, moderate or complete. Combined prevalence is up to 52%. Smoking is associated with an increased probability of complete impotence in men with hypertension and cardiac disease.
- Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.
Journal of Urology 1994; 151(1):54-61
 Investigators compared 2,008 male smokers with 1,161 men that had never smoked and 1,292 ex-smokers. The average age of the three groups was 38 years. Fifty percent of the smokers reported sexual impotence. This high probability of impotence in smokers is not caused by the presence of other risk factors such as age, vascular disease, hormonal factors, substance abuse, marital status or race.
- Cigarette smoking: an independent risk factor for impotence?
American Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 140(11):1003-8
 The most common causes of the organic component in erectile dysfunction or impotence are vascular abnormalities associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis causes 40% of cases of erectile dysfunction, and in cases of diabetes mellitus the prevalence of erectile dysfunction is 50%. Smoking is significantly associated with the development of both atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.
- The epidemiology and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction.
The Journal of Urology 1999 Jan; 161(1):5-11
 A history of smoking and other risk factors for vascular damage predict organic sexual impotence.
- Predictive value of patient history and correlation of nocturnal penile tumescence, colour duplex Doppler ultrasonography and dynamic cavernosometry and cavernosography in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction.
International Journal of Impotence Research 1999; 11(1):47-51
 After smoking two cigarettes, the diameter of the internal pudendal artery narrows and the penile arteries almost completely close. This evidence suggests that smoking can cause an acute vasospastic constriction of the arteries in the penis. These observations are supported by physiological evidence that nicotine causes acute peripheral vasoconstriction. A
- Acute vasospasm of penile arteries in response to cigarette smoking.
Urology 1990; 36(1):99-100
Sexual Impotence
Infertility and DNA Damage
Atherosclerosis of the Internal Pudendal Artery
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This material has been provided by the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico.
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